Bangladesh RMG: Global chain of profit and deprivation

Unlimited greed and political power, along with global inhuman system of injustice, created monsters that actually killed more than a thousand workers in Bangladesh. The cruel death of workers is in fact a reflection of the cruel lives millions face everyday. The system, profiting from the repression, insecurity, and deprivation of workers, created the risk and vulnerability that preceded Spectrum, Smart, Tazreen and Rana disaster.

Who are responsible?

Inhuman working conditions, low wages, verbal and physical abuse, irregular or non-payment of dues, and the inability to organize are common in many of the factories supplying world-class garments. Additionally, most of the so-called 'accidents' since 1990 reveal the faulty structure of factory buildings including weak electrical wiring, lack of fire exits and fire alarms, narrow stair and exit paths, poor foundation, and locked doors. These issues are enabled by inadequate or non-existent regulation and monitoring.

The parties responsible for these death traps include (i) owners of factories, buildings and the BGMEA (ii) relevant government agencies and (iii) international buyers and retailers.

Firstly, owners of the factories have the primary responsibility of ensuring basic safety for workers. If something fails to meet standards, owners must be held accountable to make the necessary improvements. Instead, as no owner has ever faced impartial legal ramification for their wrong doings, it seems that they have a free hand to do whatever they like. Only after reaching record death tolls and media attention in the wake of Rana collapse, the government was forced by strong public discontent to take action.

As an umbrella organization of garment owners, Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has the responsibility of monitoring compliance and advocating for high industrial standards. Instead, this organization works as the collective muscle of owners to protect itself from the law. The BGMEA owns both money and power, has good links with the ministers, MPs, main opposition parties, police, and media. Their holes of sins therefore always covered, the fate of Rana Plaza merely brings the problematic interrelations of the BGMEA to light.

Secondly, the government and its relevant agencies have the authority and obligation to ensure the accountability of factory and building owners and mandate improvements. There are ministries, directorates, and divisions within government that give permission, monitor, and can take action within the industry. But in reality, Rana, by the support of present and past ruling parties, could grab land, got approval for the building, erected three additional floors without permission, and made them available to factories. To make matters worse, it is alleged that key police and civil administrators were under his payroll.

Thirdly, international buyers and retailers are supposed to guarantee that the factories from which they source are compliant. We know delegates from buyers often visit factories, and it is also well known that the owners provide a wide range of entertainment to please them. Therefore, they cannot pretend that things on the ground are unknown to them. There is no doubt that their thirst for increasing profit, and pressure for cheaper and faster supply create bad working conditions and risks like in the cases of Tazreen and Rana.

The beneficiaries of low price: the buyers' market

There are a number of groups in Bangladesh and in many western countries who are getting fatter over the value created by workers of garments industry in Bangladesh.

In one estimate we find that if any garment is sold at US$14 at a supermarket in NY, Toronto, Sydney or London 60% of that value is usurped by international buyers and retailers.

Governments of western countries also earn a significant cut as vat or sales tax. In other words, the majority of profit is grabbed by those who have no role in producing the good. Out of the remaining 40%, the imported and local materials together with the establishment costs take nearly 35%. Finally, less than only 1% is left for workers. Therefore, it is no surprise that the present minimum wage is much lower than a stipulated living wage and also below the poverty level of income.

North American retailers prefer Bangladeshi products over US ones, because it gives them much higher profit and consumers a cheaper product. When a T-shirt costs US$4.70 in Bangladesh, it costs US$13.22 in the US. In costs of materials, both countries differ little. Material costs for the US is US$5, and for Bangladesh it is 3.30. When it comes to the labour cost, the distinction is revealed. While the cost of labour for a T-shirt is US$0.22 in Bangladesh, it is US$7.47 in the USA, more than 33 times than in Bangladesh. (Bangladesh vs. the U.S.: How much does it cost to make a denim shirt?)

Since global garments market is a buyers' market, i.e., few buyers many sellers, buyers actually determine the price. In the case of garments, buyers and brands become the price maker and it is they who insist on lowering the price even more.

Factories often accept abnormally low prices in an effort to attract buyers and grab orders. In turn, and in order to maintain a profit rate, low cost suppliers often avoid safety measures and reduce workers' real wage (through increasing working hour, cutting their benefits, not spending on other facilities). This cost cutting behaviour deepens the deprivation and vulnerability of workers.

Export and perish?

Although the 'export or perish' model has been hailed by corporate economics for many years, the model has become a double-edged sword for peripheral economies in many ways.
Firstly, terms of trade often work against these countries. The value of Bangladeshi exported garments, for instance, compared to that of imported items from centre economies is always failing. In other words, the country must sell more of its items to import the same amount of goods (GOB, Bangladesh Economic Review, 2012). In order to keep up with its export, the country has to take measures like artificial depreciation of its own currency that inevitably hurt other areas of the economy.

Secondly, the fates of export-oriented economies are dependent by centre economies. Financial crisis, rise of unemployment in those economies, tariff and non-tariff barriers, and political manipulation keep countries like Bangladesh under constant threat. Moreover, in many ways the importer countries, especially the USA, regularly use export dependence of Bangladesh as a tool to bargain for other privileges.

Thirdly, about 60 to 80 percent of the sales value of garments in the retailer market goes to the international buyers and retailers. Retailers' aim is two-fold, (i) keeping price as low as possible; (ii) increasing their profit at the highest possible level. In order to satisfy these two objectives local owners make the whole industry vulnerable through cost cutting behaviour, turning factory into mass graves.

US GSP: A case of blackmail
US administration has been putting pressure on Bangladesh by threatening to withdraw of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) 'for garments'. The United States Trade Representatives (USTR) held public hearing on the matter on March 28, 2013. Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), a research organization in Bangladesh, made a submission to the hearing. It was correctly pointed out in the submission that, 'this (garment) sector is not covered under the US-GSP scheme. Therefore, the issue of 'withdrawal, suspension or limitation' concerns a sector that does not, as a matter of fact, enjoy any preferential treatment in the US market.' Moreover Bangladesh pays more in tariff compared to many other countries, 'unlike African and Caribbean Basin LDCs, Bangladesh does not get duty-free access for its apparel products….' (http://www.cpd.org.bd/html/US-GSP_hearing.asp)

The import duties on Bangladesh's apparel exported to the US in 2012 were equivalent to about $750 million (incidentally this is several times more than the US annual bilateral 'aid' to Bangladesh in many years) with, according to the CPD submission, 'apparel items facing average tariff of 15 percent at US customs points. Research shows that duty-free access will significantly raise Bangladesh's competitiveness in the US market and will also eliminate intra-LDC disparity that now exists because of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI).'

According to Oxfam USA, an average tariff rate on imports into the US is 1.7%. France, UK and Saudi Arabia pay less than 1%. But for Bangladesh it is on average 15%. Bangladesh pays nearly 60% of all the tariff revenue by the US collected from the LDCs.  Even International Monetary Fund (IMF) admits that, 'poor countries like Bangladesh—face the highest effective tariffs, on average, four or five times those faced by the richest economies' in the USA.  (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/09/smith.htm)

Therefore if the US accepts WTO principles and stop discriminating, Bangladesh would have more leverage to incentivize change within the industry. On the contrary, the US administration threatens to withdraw GSP facility, not because it would create genuine change for workers but rather, but to gain advantage in other areas including signing TICFA (Trade and Investment Cooperation Framework Agreement), for more unequal deals to give benefit to the US oil companies and other 'security' access.

Steps needed
Rana Plaza collapse has exposed a global-local system of greed, exploitation, negligence and cruelty. The process of primitive capital accumulation has given birth to the super rich class including many of the garment owners in Bangladesh, and the global capital accumulation process acts no different.

We need to stand beside the millions of workers (1) To ensure exemplary punishment to those who are responsible (2) To ensure payment of compensation to the families of the killed, not less than their lifetime (average another 40 years) possible earning. (3) To form an independent commission to review and investigate into the sector and to prepare comprehensive plan to ensure security and sustainability of the sector. (4) To fix national minimum wage at living wage level (not less than poverty level income) and to work for establishing a global minimum wage. (5) To ensure the right to organize is upheld. (6) To constitute a regulatory body to monitor global chain and to take necessary steps to remove irregularities and workers insecurity. Finally, the garments industry must be confronted within its global context, a global alliance of monitoring and resistance against deprivation is desperately needed.

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Anu Muhammad is a teacher, economist, researcher and member secretary of Oil Gas Protection Committee.